Anthrax Health Article

Definition

Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by bacteria called Bacillus anthracis. Infection in humans most often involves the skin, the gastrointestinal tract, or the lungs.

See also:

• Cutaneous anthrax
• Inhalation anthrax

Alternative Names

Wool sorter's disease; Ragpicker's disease

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Anthrax commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats, but humans who come into contact with the infected animals can get sick from anthrax, too. In the past, the people who were most at risk for anthrax included farm workers, veterinarians, and tannery and wool workers.

There are three main routes of anthrax infection:

• Cutaneous anthrax occurs when anthrax touches a cut or scrape on the skin.
• Inhalation anthrax develops when anthrax spores enter the lungs.
• Gastrointestinal anthrax occurs when someone eats anthrax-tainted meat. The disease usually develops within one week, and can affect the mouth, esophagus, intestines, and colon. The infection can spread to the bloodstream, and may result in death.

Anthrax may be used as a biological weapon or for bio-terrorism. In 2001, anthrax sent through the U.S. Postal Service infected 22 people; 7 survivors had confirmed cutaneous anthrax disease.

While at least 17 nations are believed to have a biological weapons program, it is unknown how many nations or groups are working with anthrax. Most bio-terrorism experts have concluded that it is difficult to use anthrax effectively as a weapon on a large scale.

Symptoms

Symptoms of anthrax differ depending on the type of anthrax. By type, the symptoms may include:

• Cutaneous anthrax: Blister or ulcer that later forms a black scab, and is usually surrounded by a lot of swelling
• Inhalation anthrax: Begins with fever, malaise, headache, cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain; shock may occur in the second stage
• Gastrointestinal anthrax: Nausea and vomiting (the vomit may include blood), anorexia, and bloody diarrhea