Suicide and suicidal behavior Health Article

Definition

Suicide is the act of deliberately taking one's own life. Suicidal behavior is any deliberate action with potentially life-threatening consequences, such as taking a drug overdose or deliberately crashing a car.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Suicidal behaviors can accompany many emotional disturbances, including depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. More than 90% of all suicides are related to a mood disorder or other mental illness.

Suicidal behaviors often occur in response to a situation that the person views as overwhelming, such as:

• Aging
• Death of a loved one
• Dependence on alcohol or other drug
• Emotional trauma
• Guilty feelings
• Serious physical illness
• Social isolation
• Unemployment or financial problems

The elderly have the highest rate of suicide, but there has been a steady increase among adolescents. Risk factors for suicide in adolescents include:

• Access to firearms
• Family member who committed suicide (almost always someone who shared a common mood disorder)
• History of deliberate self-harm
• History of neglect or abuse
• Living in communities where there have been recent outbreaks of suicide in young people
• Romantic breakup

Suicide attempts that do not result in death far outnumber completed suicides. Many unsuccessful suicide attempts are carried out in a manner that makes rescue possible. These attempts often represent a desperate cry for help.

The method of suicide can be relatively nonviolent (such as poisoning or overdose) or violent (such as shooting oneself). Males are more likely to choose violent methods, which probably accounts for the fact that suicide attempts by males are more likely to be completed. Many suicides involve a firearm, especially in elderly men.

Relatives of people who seriously attempt or complete suicide often blame themselves or become extremely angry, seeing the attempt or act as selfish. However, when people are suicidal, they often mistakenly believe that they are doing their friends and relatives a favor by taking themselves out of the world. These irrational beliefs often drive their behavior.

Symptoms

Early signs:

• Depression
• Impulsiveness
• Nervousness
• Statements or expressions of guilt feelings
• Tension or anxiety

Critical signs:

• Direct attempts to commit suicide
• Direct or indirect threats to commit suicide
• Giving away belongings, attempts to "get one's affairs in order"
• Sudden change in behavior, especially calmness after a period of anxiety

Danger signs in young people:

• Loss of interest in activities that were previously enjoyable
• Sudden decrease in school performance
• Unusual changes in sleep or eating habits
• Unusual irritability
• Withdrawal from friends