Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is condition passed down through families in which the liver does not make enough of a protein that protects the lungs and liver from damage. The condition can lead to emphysema and liver disease.
Alternative Names
AAT deficiency
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a type of protein called a "protease inhibitor." AAT normally works to protect the lungs from a naturally occuring destructive enzyme that is produced by the lungs in response to infections and toxins (such as cigarette smoke). Without enough AAT, these enzymes slowly destroy the lung tissue.
AAT deficiency is caused by a genetic defect that results in not enough AAT in the liver, lungs, and blood. Persons with this deficiency may also develop liver disease.
Studies show that AAT deficiency may be more common than once thought. Most adults with severe deficiency will develop emphysema, which often begins before age 40. Smoking can increase your risk. The condition is most common among Europeans and North Americans of European descent.
A physical examination may reveal a barrel-shaped chest. Listening to the chest with a stethoscope may reveal wheezing or decreased breath sounds. The following tests may also help with diagnosis:
Subcutaneous emphysema (1 image)(Doctor-Reviewed information)
Subcutaneous emphysema occurs when air gets into tissues under the skin covering the chest wall or neck. Reviewer: John E. Duldner, Jr., MD, MS, Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, Director of Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, Akron General Medical Center and Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.Date: 10/13/2008
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (7 images)
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(Doctor-Reviewed information)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is lung disease that makes it difficult to breathe. There are two main forms of COPD: Chronic bronchitis, which causes long-term swelling and a large amount of mucus in the main airways in the lungs; Emphysema, a lung disease that destroys the air sacs in the lungs. Most people with COPD have symptoms of both. Reviewer: Benjamin Medoff, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.Date: 09/24/2008
Smoking - tips on how to quit (2 images)(Doctor-Reviewed information)
There are a lot of ways to quit smoking and many resources to help you. Family members, friends, and coworkers may be supportive or encouraging, but the desire and commitment to quit must be your own. Most people who have been able to successfully quit smoking made at least one unsuccessful attempt in the past. Try not to view past attempts to quit as failures, but rather as learning experiences. Feel ready to quit? First and foremost, set a quit date and quit completely on that day. To prepare for that day: Identify the times you are most likely to smoke. For example, do you tend to smoke when feeling stressed? When you are out at night with friends? While you are drinking coffee or alcohol? When you are bored? While you are driving; Keep a diary to help you determine such risky times. Record each time you have a cigarette, including time of day and what you are doing; Make a plan about what you will do instead of smoking at those times when you are most likely to smoke. For example, drink tea instead of coffee - tea may not trigger the desire for a cigarette. Or, take a walk when feeling stressed. Remove ashtrays and cigarettes from the car. Place pretzels or hard candies there instead. Pretend-smoke with a straw; Let all of your friends, family, and coworkers know of your plan to stop smoking and your quit date. Just being aware that they know can be a helpful reminder and motivator; Before your quit date, start reducing your cigarette use, including decreasing the number and strength of the cigarettes. However, do NOT do this simply to make your diary "look good." Get rid of all of your cigarettes just before the quit date, and clean out anything that smells like smoke, such as clothes and furniture. Other tips to help you quit smoking and stick to it: Enroll in a smoking cessation program (hospitals, health departments, community centers, and work sites often offer programs; Ask your health care provider for advice, including whether prescription medications are safe and appropriate for you; Find out about nicotine patches, gum, and sprays; Try hypnosis - it works for some people; Avoid smoke-filled settings and situations in which you are more likely to smoke; Get more exercise. It helps relieve the urge to smoke; Learn self-hypnosis from a qualified practitioner. This helps some people. The American Cancer Society's web site - www.cancer.org - is an excellent resource for smokers who are trying to quit, and the Great American Smokeout can help some smokers kick the habit. Above all, don't get discouraged if you aren't able to quit smoking the first time. Nicotine addiction is a hard habit to break. Try something different next time. See also: Nicotine withdrawal; Tobacco use. Reviewer: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.Date: 06/19/2008
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