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Complex regional pain syndrome
Definition
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic pain condition that mainly affects the arms and legs.
Alternative Names
CRPS; RSDS; Causalgia - RSD; Shoulder-hand syndrome; Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome; Sudeck's atrophy
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) has two forms: - CRPS 1 is a chronic nerve disorder that occurs most often in the arms or legs after a minor injury.
- CRPS 2 is caused by an injury to the nerve.
The cause of CRPS is not completely understood. It is thought to result from damage to the nervous system, including the nerves that control the blood vessels and sweat glands. The damaged nerves are no longer able to properly control blood flow, feeling (sensation), and temperature to the affected area. This leads to medical problems in the: - Blood vessels
- Bones
- Muscles
- Nerves
- Skin
Possible causes of CRPS: The condition can sometimes appear without obvious injury to the affected limb. This condition is more common in people ages 40-60, but it has been seen in younger people too.
Symptoms
In most cases CRPS has three stages. Often, however, CRPS does not follow this pattern. Some people go into the later stages almost right away. Others stay in the first stage. Stage 1 (lasts 1-3 months): - Increased nail and hair growth
- Pain that may move farther up or down the affected limb
- Severe burning, aching pain that increases with the slightest touch or breeze
- Skin that becomes dry and thin, changes color
- Swelling with warmth or coolness
Stage 2 (lasts 3-6 months): - Decreased hair growth
- Noticeable changes in skin texture and color
- Spread of swelling
- Stiff muscles and joints
Stage 3 (irreversible changes can be seen) - Contractions involving muscles and tendons
- Limited movement in limb
- Pain in the entire limb
- Muscle wasting
Depression or mood changes may occur with these symptoms, especially in stage 3.
Signs and tests
Diagnosing CRPS can be difficult, but early diagnosis is very important. Often, the symptoms are severe compared to the original injury.
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